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For example, sulfuric acid has two ionizable protons (H +) which can participate in the neutralization of a base such as sodium hydroxide, NaOH: Normality is generally only used when a substance has more than one sub-species that can participate in a specified reaction such as a proton for acid/base reactions, an electron for oxidation/reduction reactions, or in precipitation reactions. The units are given as eq/L or an italicized capital "N" as in 1.4 N. Normality is very similar to molarity, however instead of being the the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution, it reflects the number of mole equivalents per liter of solution. Recognize that molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution, not per liter of solvent!! Also recognize that molarity changes slightly with temperature because the volume of a solution changes with temperature. Also called weight percent or percent by weight, this is simply the mass of the solute divided by the total mass of the solution and multiplied by 100%:

For example, "the solubility of substance X is 3 grams per liter". Mass per unit volume is handy when discussing how soluble a material is in water or a particular solvent. Note that 1 mL = 1 cm 3 and that cm 3 is sometimes denoted as a "cc" (see volume units and mass units). Some SDS's use milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL) or milligrams per cubic centimeter (mg/cm 3). Some of the more common concentration units are: There are many ways to express concentrations. In general, the component that is present in the greatest amount is termed the solvent.

For example, in a can of soda pop (a solution of sugar in carbonated water), there are approximately twelve tablespoons of sugar (the solute) dissolved in the carbonated water (the solvent). There are many different ways to express concentration.Ĭhemists use the term solute to describe the substance of interest and the term solvent to describe the material in which the solute is dissolved. The concentration of a chemical substance expresses the amount of a substance present in a mixture.